Unit 3 : Oscillations and Waves

The unit Oscillations and waves has got 100 periods.

1. Oscillations (15 periods)
• Simple harmonic motion
• Physical quantities related to simple harmonic motion
• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Period
• Energy
• Definition of S.H.M
• Characteristic equation of the simple harmonic motion \[a = -{\omega^2}x\]
• Simple harmonic motion as a projection of a uniform circular motion
• Phase
• Phase of difference
• Equation of displacement (only for oscillation starting with x = 0 and t = 0) \[y = a \textrm{ } sin{(\omega}t)\]
• Displacement-time graph corresponding to simple harmonic motion
• Small oscillations of a simple pendulum
• Period \[T = 2{\pi} \sqrt{l \over g}\]
• Determination of gravitational acceleration by using simple pendulum
• Small oscillations of a mass suspended by a light helical spring
• Period \[T = 2{\pi} \sqrt{m \over k}\]
• Determination of the spring constant of a light helical spring
• Free oscillations
• Damped oscillations
• Forced oscillations and Resonance
2. Mechanical waves (08 periods)
• Transverse waves
• Longitudinal waves
• Graphical representation of a wave
• Physical quantities related to waves
• Frequency - f
• Wavelength - λ
• Speed - v
• Amplitude - A
• Speed of waves \[v = f \lambda \]
3. Properties of waves (15 periods)
• Reflection
• Rigid reflection
• Soft reflection
• Refraction
• Diffraction
• Polarization
• Principle of superposition of waves
• Interference
• Stationary waves
• Beats
• Beat frequency (derivation is not necessary) \[f_b = \vert f_1 - f_2 \vert \]
• Comparison of stationary waves and progressives waves
4. Stationary waves in strings (12 periods)
• Stationary waves in a stretched string
• Speed of transverse waves \[v = \sqrt{T \over m}\]
• Modes of vibrations in a stretched string
• Fundamental tone \[f_\circ = \frac{1}{2l} \sqrt{T \over m}\]
• Overtones and harmonics
• Sonometer
• Determination of the frequency of a tuning fork by changing the tension of the string
• Verification of the relationship between vibrating length and frequency
• Speed of longitudinal waves \[v = \sqrt {\frac {E}{\rho}}\]
• Seismic waves, Earth quakes, Richter scale and Tsunami
5. Waves in gases (10 periods)
• Speed of sound in air \[v = \sqrt {\frac {\gamma P}{\rho}}\] \[v = \sqrt {\frac {\gamma RT}{M}}\]
• Factors affecting the speed of sound in air
• Modes of vibrations in an air column
• Closed tube
• Open tube
• Determination the speed of sound in air using a closed tube
• by one tuning fork
• by a set of tuning forks (graphical method)
6. Doppler effect (05 periods)
• Equations for apparent frequency
• Only the observer is moving
• Only the source is moving
• Both observer and source are moving along the same line
• Sonic boom
7. Nature of sound (05 periods)
• Characteristics of sound
• Pitch
• Loudness
• Quality of sound
• Limits of hearing
• Threshold of hearing
• Threshold of pain
• Intensity and intensity level of sound (decibel)
• Graph of intensity level versus the frequency for human ear
8. Electromagnetic waves (05 periods)
• Electromagnetic spectrum
• Properties of electromagnetic waves
• Uses of electromagnetic waves
• LASER
• Principle
• Properties
• Uses
9. Geometrical optics (15 periods)
• Refraction
• Laws of refraction
• Refractive index
• Absolute refractive index
• Relative refractive index
• Relationship between refractive indices
• Relationship between real depth and apparent depth
• Apparent displacement \[d = t \, \left (1 - \frac {1}{n} \right ) \]
• Determination of refractive index of glass using a travelling microscope
• Critical angle
• Relationship between the critical angle and the refractive index \[n = \frac {1}{\sin {c}}\]
• Total internal reflection
• Refraction through a prism
• Experimental investigation of deviation of a light ray through a prism
• Deviation
• d - i graph
• Minimum deviation
• Relationship between prism angle, reflective index and the angle of minimum deviation
• Determination of the refractive index of material of prism by critical angle method
• Spectrometer
• Main adjustments
• Determination of the angle of a prism
• Finding the angle of minimum deviation
• Refraction through lenses
• Real and virtual images of convex and concave lenses
• Lens formula with Cartesian sign convention
• Linear magnification
• Determination of focal length of convex lenses and concave lenses
• Combinations of thin lenses in contact
10. Human eye (04 periods)
• Formation of an image
• Visual angle
• Defects of vision and correction
• Short sight (myopia)
• Long sight (hypermetropia)
• Presbyopia
11. Optical instruments (06 periods)
• Simple microscope
• Normal adjustment
• Magnifying power (Angular magnification)
• Compound microscope
• Normal adjustment
• Magnifying power (Angular magnification)
• Image at infinity
• Astronomical telescope
• Normal adjustment
• Magnifying power (Angular magnification)
• Image at near point

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